Micronutrients are of fundamental importance in maintaining health status. However, data on their dietary intake are few particularly in persons with diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) attending a tertiary-level diabetes center in Southern Italy the intake of micronutrients (both vitamins and minerals) and the adherence to recommendations. Seven-day food records of 60 T1DM patients were analyzed. Micronutrient intake was evaluated based on the Italian food composition tables and expressed as amount per 1000 kcal of energy intake to adjust for possible underreporting.

Tabella dei valori nutrizionali degli alimenti. Scarica la tabella dei valori nutrizionali degli alimenti in formato PDF. Gruppo di esperti costituito presso l’Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (INRAN). Ed Informazione nutrizionale, INRAN.

Adherence to recommendations for vitamins A, B 6, B 12, and C and niacin was acceptable in both sexes (ranging from 77% to 100%). Half of the patients did not adhere to folate recommendation, even less to vitamin E, and no patient reached the recommended intake for vitamin D. King Of The Road 2 Game Free Download For Pc Torrent.

As for minerals, adherence was low for potassium and selenium (0–23%); intermediate for zinc, copper, and magnesium; low and intermediate for calcium in men and women, respectively; and low for iron in women. In conclusion, the diet followed by T1DM patients may not have a sufficient content of different micronutrients. Therefore, an adequate intake of low-fat dairy products, fish, legumes, and vegetables should be encouraged as components of a healthier dietary pattern. Introduction Besides macronutrients, micronutrients, in particular vitamins and minerals, are of fundamental importance in maintaining health status and in preventing and treating different diseases [, ]. Accordingly, precise dietary recommendations for each vitamin and mineral are issued for the general population. However, this may be even more important in people with diabetes, as different vitamins and minerals play a relevant role in the regulation of glucose metabolism at different levels (insulin action, oxidative stress, and inflammation) and in the prevention of diabetes complications [].

In spite of the possible pathophysiological relevance of micronutrient levels, data on their dietary intake are few in the general population and really scant in persons with diabetes, especially those with type 1 diabetes [–]. In patients with type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy is essential for survival.

At the same time, adequate nutrition therapy represents a cornerstone for reaching optimal glucose control and for preventing chronic complications. However, in these patients, diet therapy is essentially focused on the amount and quality of carbohydrate in order to regulate the doses of insulin to be injected [, ]. This focus may lead, both in caregivers and in patients, to less attention towards other macronutrients [] and micronutrients. To this respect, while some data are present for diet composition in terms of macronutrients [, –], very little has been reported about micronutrients. In particular, one study refers to children with type 1 diabetes [] and another to a Finnish adult population with type 1 diabetes []. Sql Monitoring Tools there.

Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate in adult patients with type 1 diabetes attending a tertiary-level diabetes center in Southern Italy the dietary intakes of micronutrients (both vitamins and minerals) and the adherence to the recommended dietary intakes. Materials and Methods All patients with type 1 diabetes attending the outpatient clinic of the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery of Federico II University, a tertiary-level diabetes care, from at least six months and consecutively visited within a period of six months were asked to fill in a seven-day food record, provided that they met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The exclusion criteria were pregnancy, celiac disease, kidney failure (serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL), and other acute or chronic diseases apart from diabetes. Detailed instructions on how to fill in the food records were given by a dietician. In particular, patients were asked to record for seven consecutive days the following: •. The cooking method When the food records were given back by the patients, the dietician checked the records together with the patients in order to improve the completeness of data. Forms for food recording were given to 140 patients, but only 64 patients (46%) filled in and returned the food records.

Of these, four were excluded for incompleteness, and therefore, the food records of 60 patients were analyzed. The intake of water was not reported on the records by the patients. Since water intake is important especially in relation to calcium and magnesium intakes, we included in the calculations a fixed daily intake of 1000 mL of water for each patient, containing an estimated medium amount of calcium (150 mg) and magnesium (13 mg). Energy intake and macro- and micronutrient contents were calculated on the basis of the Italian food composition tables of the Center of Research for Food and Nutrition (CREA) [] utilizing the MetaDieta software (Meteda s.r.l., Ascoli Piceno, Italy). The macronutrient composition, expressed as percentage of the total caloric intake, was compared with the dietary recommendations for diabetes given by the Italian Diabetes Standards of Care [] that were mainly based on the recommendations of the Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group of the EASD []. Taking into account the possible underreporting, the intakes of vitamins and minerals are expressed as amount per 1000 kcal of total energy intake.